From the tenth century on, the result has been that voices of the medieval scholars have trumped the vox-dei. Since Muslims could no longer seek support from Jewish sources, successive generations of scholars lost understanding of Qur'anic references. " Despite the unreliability of this hadith, it has evolved into a position that any Muslim who questions it could be accused of heresy. An alternate version claims that the Prophet asked Umar, "Do you wish to rush to perdition as did the Jews and Christians? I have brought you white and clean hadiths. Muhammad declares that had Moses been their contemporary, he, too, would have followed the Muslim prophet. In one of these apocryphal traditions, Muhammad's face changes color when he sees his follower Umar reading the Torah. Muslim jurists, increasingly opposed to reliance upon Jewish lore, created new sayings from the Prophet and his companions that contradicted the original allowances. īy the ninth century, this began to change. An oral tradition was even attributed to Muhammad wherein he supposedly said, "Relate from the people of Israel, and there is no objection," thereby enabling Islamic scholars to cite precedents from Jewish scholarship. Early Muslims resorted to Jewish lore so heavily that they produced a genre of literature: the Isra'iliyat, loosely translated as the Judaic traditions.
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When some Arabs challenged Muhammad's claim to be a prophet based on his mortality, he suggested that they consult Jewish scholars about history. One verse suggests that his contemporaries accused him of having a Jewish teacher. Įvidence of Muhammad's familiarity with Judaism is present in the Qur'an.
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A typical example is in the verse that was only partially cited by Muslims commenting on news programs in the wake of the 9-11 terror attacks: "Whoever has killed a single human without just cause, it is as if he has killed the entire humankind." In fact, the full verse is: "And for this reason, we ordained for the children of Israel that whoever has killed a single human without just cause, it is as if he has killed the entire humankind." Significantly, the complete verse refers to a divine edict not found in the Torah, but rather in the Mishnah, part of the Jewish oral tradition.
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Indeed, the Qur'an presupposes familiarity with Judeo-Christian ideas to the extent that it often does not give the full version of a narrative there is no need to identify what is supposed to be common knowledge. No serious researcher denies that Muhammad came to a milieu that was highly influenced by Judeo-Christian ideas. Since translators seek to convey not only text but also meaning, many rely on the interpretation ( tafsir) of medieval scholars in order to conform to an "orthodox" reading. Others adopt sectarian biases, and those that are funded by Saudi Arabia often insert political annotation. So how accurate are the Qur'an's renderings into English? The record is mixed. Since fewer than 20 percent of Muslims speak Arabic, this means that most Muslims study the text only in translation. Because the Qur'an stresses its Arabic nature, Muslim scholars believe that any translation cannot be more than an approximate interpretation, intended only as a tool for the study and understanding of the original Arabic text. Muslims view the Qur'an as God's direct words revealed in Arabic to the Prophet Muhammad (d. Because of the growing Muslim communities in English-speaking countries, as well as greater academic interest in Islam, there has been a blossoming in recent years of English translations. Wrapped in the cloak (Al-Muddaththir) -Ĩ3.Multiple English translations of the Qur'an, Islam's scripture, line shelves at book stores. Map of Arabia at the time of the revelation -Ģ5. Xli, 464 pages : illustrations (map) 20 cm. The message of the Qur'an was directly addressed to all people regardless of class, gender, or age, and this translation is equally accessible to everyone."-Jacket. Archaisms and cryptic language are avoided, and the Arabic meaning preserved by respecting the context of the discourse. This new translation is written in a contemporary idiom that remains faithful to the original, making it easy to read while retaining its powers of eloquence.
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Recognized as the greatest literary masterpiece in Arabic, it has nevertheless remained difficult to understand in its English translations. It has been one of the most influential books in history. It is the supreme authority in Islam and the living source of the Islamic teaching it is a sacred text and a book of guidance, that sets out the creed, rituals, ethics, and laws of the Islamic religion. "The Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be the word of God, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad 1,400 years ago.